Who proposed the theory of evolution?

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution through natural selection. His work, primarily presented in "On the Origin of Species," laid the foundation for the biological sciences by explaining how species change over time in response to their environment. Darwin's theory suggests that individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those advantageous traits on to the next generation.

This theory fundamentally changed our understanding of biology and the diversity of life on Earth. While each of the other figures mentioned made significant contributions to various fields—Newton in physics, Einstein in the theory of relativity, and Galileo in astronomy—they did not develop theories related to the biological evolution of species. Darwin's insights remain critical to the study of biology and the understanding of life's complexities.